For decades, there has been demand from commercial poultry farms for hens with the highest possible resistance to diseases. “Especially since in an increasing number of countries worldwide, antibiotics may not be used as a preventive measure to combat disease, you see that the demand for laying hens with a higher natural disease resistance is increasing,” says Tom Berghof, postdoctoral researcher at Animal Breeding & Genomics at Wageningen University & Research (WUR). Although in some European countries the number of animals per square metre in poultry houses is decreasing, in other countries in the world, for example Brazil, China, Russia and the US, there are often relatively higher number of animals kept per square metre. And as always, the more animals kept together, the higher the risk of disease. European countries that opt for organic farming activities also need animals with a higher resistance as these animals usually walk outdoor and thereby might be affected by disease.
That’s why Hendrix Genetics together with the departments of Animal Breeding & Genomics, and Adaptation Physiology of Wageningen UR in 2012 set up the research ‘Divergent Selection for NAbs (Natural Antibodies) in Poultry’. Berghof says, “In 2013 I was recruited as the PhD researcher for this project and a few weeks ago I received my doctoral title based on this study.” In 2013 and 2014 the now postdoctoral researcher investigated the heritability of natural antibodies (NAbs) in laying chickens. The predecessor of Berghof, Laura Star, showed in 2007 that if laying hens have more NAbs, there’s a lower chance of mortality compared to laying hens with less NAbs. “This relationship suggests it says something about the level of disease resistance of a hen,” Berghof adds.
Breeding for health
Whether NAbs really have a protective effect or are only an indication of the protective effect, cannot be concluded based on this research, according to Berghof. “We have mainly focused our research on whether it’s possible to breed on lower or higher levels of NAbs. We do know that research in humans and mice showed that NAbs really can have a positive impact on health.” If we go back to the heritability, then 10 to 15% of the total variation is due to the genetic differences between animals.
The research was set up as follows: Berghof first determined the heritability in a base population. After that, he started breeding divergently. “We therefore had a ‘low’ line with chickens with less NAbs and a ‘high’ line with chickens with more NAbs. These 2 lines we bred for 6 generations. Every generation is around 35 weeks long.” During the research the postdoctoral researcher observed a very clear selection response; with every generation the difference between the low and high line increased. Berghof states, “That’s already a first important research result. So, you can breed on the amount of NAbs in laying hens. And perhaps more importantly; this is also predictive in terms of disease resistance.” During the research the low and high line were housed mixed with the control group in one stable. “The reason is to keep the environmental effects, which we know affect the NAb levels, equal. We don’t know, how those environmental effects influence the NAbs exactly,” he says.
Whether NAbs really have a protective effect or are only an indication of the protective effect, cannot be concluded based on this research, according to Berghof. “We have mainly focused our research on whether it’s possible to breed on lower or higher levels of NAbs. We do know that research in humans and mice showed that NAbs really can have a positive impact on health.” If we go back to the heritability, then 10 to 15% of the total variation is due to the genetic differences between animals.
The research was set up as follows: Berghof first determined the heritability in a base population. After that, he started breeding divergently. “We therefore had a ‘low’ line with chickens with less NAbs and a ‘high’ line with chickens with more NAbs. These 2 lines we bred for 6 generations. Every generation is around 35 weeks long.” During the research the postdoctoral researcher observed a very clear selection response; with every generation the difference between the low and high line increased. Berghof states, “That’s already a first important research result. So, you can breed on the amount of NAbs in laying hens. And perhaps more importantly; this is also predictive in terms of disease resistance.” During the research the low and high line were housed mixed with the control group in one stable. “The reason is to keep the environmental effects, which we know affect the NAb levels, equal. We don’t know, how those environmental effects influence the NAbs exactly,” he says.
Considerably less mortality
To test if there was a true protective effect, generation 4 and 6 were infected with E. coli bacteria at 8 days old. Subsequently, both lines were observed for 1 week to investigate the mortality rate. Berghof states, “We found that the high NAb line had 2 to 3 times less chance to die than the low NAb line. To be exact; in the 4th generation the mortality in the low line was 24% and in the high line only 9%. In the 6thgeneration the mortality in the low line was 13% and 7% in the high line. I do have to mention that we have used an extremely high dose of E. coli to see really clear differences.”
At the end of each trial, an autopsy was carried out on all animals, both on the dead chickens as well as those that were still alive. What emerged was that the high NAb line copes much better with the E. coli than the low NAb line. “In the high line chickens we saw either they had less organ damage or, though they were infected, they had no organ damage at all. In this regard, we suggested that breeding on NAbs is possible and that it might be an indication for disease resistance. So, you can use NAbs to really breed for disease resistance. That’s the main conclusion of my research after 4 years.”
One specific gene determines predisposition
In addition to all the results from the research ‘Divergent Selection for NAbs (Natural Antibodies) in Poultry’ Tom Berghof, discovered something special. “In 2018 we discovered in one specific gene in our base population, that is responsible for a large amount, for around 60%, whether the hen is predisposed for low or high NAbs.” This gene is a so-called TLR (toll-like receptor) and more specifically the TLR 1A. TLR’s are disease receptors, a sort of sensor for pathogens, which activate the immune system. They recognise parts of bacteria and viruses, which are present on many different bacteria and viruses. Thereby they can target a wide range of pathogens at the same
To test if there was a true protective effect, generation 4 and 6 were infected with E. coli bacteria at 8 days old. Subsequently, both lines were observed for 1 week to investigate the mortality rate. Berghof states, “We found that the high NAb line had 2 to 3 times less chance to die than the low NAb line. To be exact; in the 4th generation the mortality in the low line was 24% and in the high line only 9%. In the 6thgeneration the mortality in the low line was 13% and 7% in the high line. I do have to mention that we have used an extremely high dose of E. coli to see really clear differences.”
At the end of each trial, an autopsy was carried out on all animals, both on the dead chickens as well as those that were still alive. What emerged was that the high NAb line copes much better with the E. coli than the low NAb line. “In the high line chickens we saw either they had less organ damage or, though they were infected, they had no organ damage at all. In this regard, we suggested that breeding on NAbs is possible and that it might be an indication for disease resistance. So, you can use NAbs to really breed for disease resistance. That’s the main conclusion of my research after 4 years.”
One specific gene determines predisposition
In addition to all the results from the research ‘Divergent Selection for NAbs (Natural Antibodies) in Poultry’ Tom Berghof, discovered something special. “In 2018 we discovered in one specific gene in our base population, that is responsible for a large amount, for around 60%, whether the hen is predisposed for low or high NAbs.” This gene is a so-called TLR (toll-like receptor) and more specifically the TLR 1A. TLR’s are disease receptors, a sort of sensor for pathogens, which activate the immune system. They recognise parts of bacteria and viruses, which are present on many different bacteria and viruses. Thereby they can target a wide range of pathogens at the same
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